桦甸油页岩热解特性的研究

在热分析仪上进行了桦甸油页岩的热解特性研究,升温速率分别为10℃/min、20℃/min、30℃/min和40℃/min,终温为900℃。实验表明油页岩的热解是分两步进行的。在低温段主要是油页岩中可挥发性的气体溢出引起热解失重;高温段则主要是一些有机质、固定碳的热解过程。低温段的热解是主要的,它基本上热解掉了油页岩重量的15％－27％左右,油页岩挥发分含量很高且具有集中析出的特性,在400℃－530℃区间内可挥发物质迅速热解守比,其在高温段的热解产率很小,只有总重量的10％左右。随着升温速率的增加低温段的高温段热解的区分更加明显,且使油页岩的热解产率提高。文中给出了不同升温速率下的桦甸油页岩热解特性数据和化学反应动力学参数。     

不同热处理方式对超细粒子K—Co—Mo催化剂性能和结构的影响

以柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶－凝胶法制备Co-Mo超细粒子氧化物,所得干凝胶分别置于空气和氩气中进行粒烧,然后经K2CO3助化后硫化。2使用X射线衍射（XRD）,BET比表面测试和扩展X光吸收精细结构（EXAFS）对样品进行结构表征,同时测试硫化态样品的CO加氢合成低碳混合醇活性。XRD结果表明,在空气中焙烧的样品为单一的CoMoO4物种,其晶粒尺寸约为60nm;在氩气中焙烧的样品,柠檬酸的分解对样品起到还原作用,主要物种为CoMoO3 ,同时存在少量的CoMoO4,晶粒尺寸约为20nm。BET结果表明,在氩气中焙烧的样品具有较大的比表面积。硫化态样品中主要物种为MoS2和Co9S8,此外,还可能存在CoMoS3.13物种,XRD和EXAFS结果均表明,在氩气中焙烧的样品硫化后,其晶粒尺寸相对较小,活性测试结果表明,催化剂晶粒尺寸的降低明显促进了合成醇的活性和选择性的提高。     

酸洗对RDF热解动力学影响及半焦表面结构变化

以5W／％稀HCl溶液对各类城市生活垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）及其组分进行处理,考察在不同温度下快速热解生成半焦的动力学参数变化,并对半焦的比表面积和孔体积的变化和分形维数进行分析研究,试验结果发现酸洗后RDF热解速率提高,活化能降低,酸洗后半焦的比表面积和孔体积均有所减少,并随热解温度先升高而后下降,在450度附近出现极大值,对半焦的分形维数分析表明,酸洗后表面变得光滑,形成欧氏平面。     

Mechanochemical Modification of Deoxypeganine Hydrochloride by Polyampholite

The solubility and dialysis of deoxypeganine hydrochloride and natural polyampholite were studied by IR spectra and x-ray diffraction analysis. Inclusion complexes form during mechanical treatment of a 1:1 mixture of deoxypeganine hydrochloride and natural polyampholite     

Substituent effect on the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of acyloxymethyl five‐member cyclic dithiocarbonates

Five‐member cyclic dithiocarbonates were synthesized by the reactions of carbon disulfide with benzoic, p‐anisic, p‐chlorobenzoic, 1‐naphthalenecarboxylic, p‐nitrobenzoic, and p‐(tert‐butyl)benzoic glycidyl esters, and their cationic ring‐opening polymerizations were carried out with methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid as initiators at room temperature to 80 °C. Polymers with number‐average molecular weights of 3400–24,900 were obtained in high yields, and their structures were estimated by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The monomers showed a clear difference in the polymerization rate according to the substituents. The rate of polymerization decreased in the order of p‐chlorobenzoic ≥ benzoic > 1‐naphthalenecarboxylic > p‐nitro‐benzoic > p‐tert‐butylbenzoic > p‐anisic. The data of the reaction kinetics, NMR studies, and molecular orbital calculations proved a plausible mechanism involving the participation of p‐substituted benzoyloxymethyl groups to stabilize the cationic propagating end. The polymers showed decomposition temperatures with 5% weight loss ranging from 200 to 260 °C. No glass‐transition temperatures for the polymers were observed below 200 °C by differential scanning calorimetry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3967–3980, 2001     

Synthesis and characterization of fully aromatic thermotropic liquid‐crystalline copolyesters containing m‐hydroxybenzoic acid units

A series of fully aromatic copolyesters based on p‐acetoxybenzoic acid (p‐ABA), hydroquinone diacetate (HQDA), terephthalic acid (TPA), and m‐acetoxybenzoic acid (m‐ABA) were prepared by a modified melt‐polycondensation reaction. The copolyesters were characterized by DSC, thermogravimetric analysis, ¹H NMR, polarized optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The copolyesters exhibited nematic liquid‐crystalline phases in a broad temperature range of about 150 °C, when the content of linear (p‐ABA, HQDA, and TPA) units was over 67 mol %. DSC analysis of the anisotropic copolyesters revealed broad endotherms associated with the nematic phases, and the melting or flow temperatures were found to be in the processable region. The flow temperatures and crystal‐to‐nematic and nematic‐to‐isotropic transitions depend on the type of linear monomer units, and these transitions increased as the content of the p‐ABA units increased, as compared to the HQDA/TPA units. When the content of the p‐ABA units increased, as compared to other linear units (HQDA and TPA), the intrinsic viscosity and degree of crystallinity of the copolyesters also increased, implying a higher reactivity for p‐ABA in the p‐ABA/HQDA/TPA/m‐ABA polymer system. The aromatic region in the ¹H NMR spectra of the copolyesters containing equal molar compositions of p‐ABA, HQDA, and TPA units were sensitive to the sequence distribution of aromatic rings. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3263–3277, 2001     

Thermal stability of brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐isoprene)

The thermal stability of brominated isobutylene–isoprene rubber (BIIR) was investigated through studies of the elastomer and a model compound that accurately represented the reactive functionality within the polymer. An analysis of commercial BIIR and reaction products of brominated 2,2,4,8,8‐pentamethyl‐4‐nonene (BPMN) by NMR demonstrated that bromination of isobutylene–isoprene rubber by 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin yielded a kinetically favored exomethylene substitution product, 3‐bromo‐6,6‐dimethyl‐2‐(2,2‐dimethylpropyl)‐1‐heptene ( 2 ), as opposed to the more stable endo‐isomer, (E,Z)‐4‐(bromomethyl)‐2,2,8,8‐tetramethyl‐4‐nonene ( 3 ). The exposure of BIIR and the brominated model compound BPMN to vulcanization temperatures led to the isomerization of 2 to 3 at a rate strongly dependent on HBr concentration. The elimination of HBr from these allylic bromides to produce exo‐ and endo‐conjugated dienes proceeded concurrently with isomerization, and the kinetics of these processes could be rationalized on the basis of a polar reaction mechanism. The product distributions obtained from both the model system and BIIR were consistent, thereby justifying an extension of the model compound approach to an analysis of BIIR vulcanization chemistry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2019–2026, 2001     

Polyurethanes containing sulfur. III. New thermoplastic HDI-based segmented polyurethanes with diphenylmethane unit in their structure

Three series of new thermoplastic, high molecular weight, segmented thiopolyurethanes were synthesized by a one-step melt polymerization from newly obtained thiodiols, including bis[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiomethylphenyl]methane, bis[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)thiomethylphenyl]methane, and bis[4-(6-hydroxyhexyl)thiomethylphenyl]methane (BHHM), as chain extenders; hexamethylene diisocyanate; and 20–80 mol % poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMG; number-average molecular weight = 1000) as the soft segment. Solution polymerization with the chain extender BHHM gave considerably lower molecular weight polymers. The structures of all the polyurethanes were determined with Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis. The thermal properties of the polyurethanes were examined with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Shore A/D hardness and tensile properties were also determined. All the polyurethanes showed partially crystalline structures; those obtained with 40–80 mol % PTMG were elastomers. An increase in the PTMG content decreased hardness, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength, whereas elongation at break increased. BHHM-based polyurethanes obtained in the melt showed the best tensile properties. The polyurethanes exhibited definite glass transitions (−70 to −59 °C) that were nearly independent of the hard-segment content up to about 50 wt % (40–80 mol % PTMG), indicating the existence of mainly microphase-separated soft and hard segments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1733–1742, 2001     

Polymerizable anthracene derivatives for labeling emulsion copolymers

We describe the synthesis of three anthracene–methacrylate monomers [9‐methacryloxymethyl‐10‐methyl anthracene ( 4 ), 9‐methacryloxyethyloxymethyl‐10‐methyl anthracene ( 5 ), and 9‐methacryloxy‐10‐methyl anthracene ( 6 )] as well as their emulsion copolymers containing butylacrylate. When films prepared from latex dispersions containing 4 or 5 were heated, the anthracene (An) group was cleaved from the polymer at temperatures above 120 °C. Lower temperatures induced this reaction when strong acids were present. In 4 and 5 , the polymerizable group is connected to the An ring via a 9‐CH₂O? linkage. The cleavage reaction requires more stringent conditions when the connection involves a benzylic ether ( 5 ) instead of a benzylic ester. Polymers prepared from 6 , with an An? O? bond, were stable for 1 h at 150 °C in the presence of 0.5 wt % p‐toluene sulfonic acid. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1495–1504, 2001     

Synthesis and characterization of new soluble poly(amide‐imide)s derived from 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane

A series of new soluble poly(amide‐imide)s were prepared from the diimide‐dicarboxylic acid 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane with various diamines by direct polycondensation in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone containing CaCl₂ with triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. All the polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities of 0.52–0.86 dL · g^?1. The poly(amide‐imide)s showed an amorphous nature and were readily soluble in various solvents, such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N‐dimethylformamide, pyridine, and cyclohexanone. Tough and flexible films were obtained through casting from DMAc solutions. These polymer films had tensile strengths of 71–107 MPa and a tensile modulus range of 1.6–2.7 GPa. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were determined by a differential scanning calorimetry method, and they ranged from 242 to 279 °C. These polymers were fairly stable up to a temperature around or above 400 °C, and they lost 10% of their weight from 480 to 536 °C and 486 to 537 °C in nitrogen and air, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3498–3504, 2001